
December 2025

Happy holidays from Cornell Cooperative Extension! In this season of giving, here are some quick reminders to help ensure your charitable gifts are deductible for 2025.
Mind the Deadline
First, keep in mind that your gift must be made online, USPS postmarked, or received by December 31 to be eligible for tax credit for the 2025 calendar year.
Giving online or in-person by the deadline is straightforward, but sending a check by mail can be a little unclear. You might think using a courier service like would be the surest way, but actually, the US Postal Service is! The USPS postmark date on the envelope counts as the date the gift was received.
Your Partnership Matters
As we usher in the year-end festivities, the time couldn't be more right to discuss our Build a Dream Capital Campaign's progression. Our campaign to raise funds to build the Cornell Barn at Tilly Foster Farm is well underway. We are thrilled about the strides made, and yet, are keenly aware of the miles left to journey.
The Cornell Barn at Tilly Foster Farm - A Vision Coming to Life!
Construction at Tilly Foster Farm is moving fast — but we’ve hit the most critical moment of the entire project. We must close the final funding gap now to keep the Cornell Barn on schedule and fully equipped for opening day. Without immediate support, we risk delays and rising costs. With your help, we cross the finish line.
Your year-end gift will:
Please make your tax-deductible gift today: CCE Putnam County, 1 Geneva Road, Brewster, NY 10509
How beautiful it is to hold the power to catalyze a transformation where lifelong education strengthens families, communities and enhances Putnam’s environment.
Ways to Give
Please seek the advice of your own financial or legal advisor. Cornell Cooperative Extension Putnam County is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization (TIN: 14-6036878). Gifts are considered tax-deductible to the extent allowable by the IRS.
This is the moment. Your gift now makes all the difference!
Get ready to ring in the New Year knowing that your contribution has paved the way for a brighter, educated, and engaged future. Let's continue this incredible journey, and here's to many more fruitful years of making a difference!
Thank You!
Happy holidays and warm wishes for 2026!
from Jennifer Lerner, Senior Resource Educator, and NYS Department of Environmental Conservation
Bear vs Bird Feeder by CCE Putnam
Increasingly we get reports of black bears trashing birdfeeders, barbecues, and garbage cans. As we promote Project Feeder Watch and the Great Backyard Bird Count, we thought it wise to address some bear vs bird feeder concerns.
Once unheard of in Putnam County, black bear populations are expanding from surrounding mountain areas. Young bears strike out to find new territory, sometimes in our neighborhoods. If bears don’t find suitable food and habitat they move on. But if they can scrape out a living—and they eat a wide variety of foods—they stick around our suburban backyards. This means more bear interactions with humans. As bears become habituated to food sources around our homes they become “nuisance” bears. A nuisance bear often ends up a dead bear.
Even when relocated, nuisance bears will usually travel great distances to get back to their territory and once again find the food sources they have grown accustomed to. The best tactic is preventing them from finding food sources around our homes. It may go without saying but say we must: Never Feed or Approach Bears! That means even unintentional feeding from garbage cans, grills and bird feeders. Once habituated to humans, a bear learns to overcome its instinctive fear of them. In essence, feeding bears “rewards” bears for approaching people in the same way a treat rewards a dog for coming on command.
To keep these beautiful animals, you, and your pets safe, here are some tips from NYS DEC:
Use bird feeders seasonally: remove bird feeders by April 1st and resume feeding only in late fall/early winter. Clean up any spilled seeds. Due to climate change bears are going into hibernation later in the season and not going in as deeply.
Store garbage securely: Keep garbage inside a sturdy building and put it out for collection on the morning of pick-up, not the night before. Use bear-resistant containers if possible.
Feed pets indoors: Store pet and livestock food indoors and feed pets inside to avoid attracting bears. (This will also help you reduce house pet and wildlife interactions)
Clean grills: Clean barbeque grills before nightfall to remove any residual food or grease.
Secure all attractants: Store birdseed and other food items inside a secure building.
Report nuisance bears: If you see a nuisance bear, report it to the DEC immediately. NYS DEC Wildlife Division 518-402-8883.
More reading
Learn more at BearWise New York: https://dec.ny.gov/nature/animals-fish-plants/bla...
And Why Bird Feed Can Be a ‘Gateway Food’ for Bears from Audubon Magazine: https://www.audubon.org/magazine/why-bird-feed-ca...
by Janis Butler, Master Gardener Volunteer
As we approach winter, your trees may be suffering. But you may not know until it dies next spring!

By now you may have heard or read about the importance of leaving leaves alone in fall. You might know that in any square yard of leaf litter there are hundreds of thousands of living creatures, most too small to see. All of them doing their best to survive winter and, in the process, turning leaf litter into humus and providing food (namely themselves) for other hungry strivers further up the food chain.
Who exactly are these critters and why should we care about saving them from the deadly black plastic bag or leaf blower? Let’s look at just one, the syrphid or hoverfly.
The hoverfly could turn you into a fly zealot, if you’re not one already. They are quite unlike the stereotyped pests who buzz us annoyingly, spreading germs and producing maggots. For one thing, they hover. For another thing, they often look more like bees than flies, with bright colors that scare off predators. For another, they are critically important pollinators, right up there with bees and wasps.
Best of all, they are major consumers of aphids, leafhoppers, planthoppers, mealybugs, whiteflies, scales, thrips, and caterpillars, all enemies of the gardener. Kudos, hoverflies!
How does a hoverfly hover?
Hovering in one spot over a flower, then quickly zooming to another spot, twisting and turning to get just the right angle to reach the pollen and nectar, makes the hoverfly a major pollinator and is their most distinguishing charm. They have wings like an airplane yet they can hang suspended in the air like a helicopter. How do they do it?
First, hoverflies generate lift to support their weight by beating their wings at an incredibly high frequency —over 250 times per second! But they’re not just beating up and down: they’re moving in a figure 8 pattern, rapidly twisting and rotating at the end of each stroke. Though they’re generating “lift” on both upstrokes and downstrokes, the forces generated by each stroke balance each other out, so the hoverfly stays in the same spot. This complex motion creates powerful little whirlwinds at the leading edge of each wing, which provide even more lift.
Nevertheless, hovering requires constant, rapid adjustments since instability is inevitable. So hoverflies have a few more tricks.
Like all true flies (Order Diptera), hoverflies have two wings. But they’ve also evolved a pair of small, modified hind wings called halteres. These act like gyroscopes, sensing changes in body rotation and orientation and sending the information to the insect’s nervous system. When they want to move forward, sideways, or backward, the halteres send messages to the brain to adjust the wing stroke amplitude and pattern.
Further aids are their five eyes: two large, bulbous ones that nearly cover their heads and are made up of thousands of individual lenses for a wide range of vision, and three smaller ones on top of the head, which are sensitive to light and movement.
Finally, their central nervous system gathers the information from the haltares, eyes, and other body and wing sensors and enables the hoverfly to make immediate course corrections as needed.
This all happens very fast, as you can imagine! Impressive, since the hoverfly’s brain is about the size of a pinhead (though with 1,000,000 neurons).
Hoverflies, aphids, and reproduction
If you loathe aphids, read on.
Plants that are attacked by aphids can send out chemical signals (pheromones) indicating their distress. Hoverflies and other aphid-loving insects detect these signals and eagerly fly to the plant to lay their eggs. When the eggs hatch in two or three days, the emerging larvae immediately begin to feast on the aphids. If a plant has no aphids, the hoverfly will pass it by, laying no eggs there, since aphids are important sources of protein for hoverfly larvae. According to Cornell’s Integrated Pest Management website, “Each (hoverfly) larva can consume up to 400 aphids during development, and therefore reduce damage to some plants. When syrphid larvae are abundant, they may reduce aphid populations by 70 to 100%.”
Hoverflies in leaf litter
The hoverfly’s life cycle is about a month, from egg through adult, depending on weather, food availability and the species (there are over 400 species in the Northeast; about 6000 globally). They can produce up to seven generations in a season.
When winter approaches, the last larval instar of the season, now about 1/2 inch long, drops to the ground from the plant it was feeding on and migrates, legless, to a moist, sheltered spot like leaf litter or soil. Some species enter a state of diapause for the winter; others pupate. The most common hover fly in our area of eastern New York, the Eastern Calligrapher (Toxomerus geminatus), is one who pupates.
If s/he is lucky enough to make it through the winter, i.e. no hungry predator has ripped open the cocoon, s/he will emerge as a beautiful adult hoverfly. They’re called calligraphers because of the delicate black etchings on the yellow background of their abdomens. Yellow and black — bee and wasp colors — are nature’s warning colors so the hoverfly’s deceit offers protection from wary predators. S/he adds to the deceit by making a buzzing/droning sound. But, like all hoverflies, s/he can’t sting and is harmless to humans.
As soon as the Eastern Calligrapher emerge from their cocoons in late spring, they mate and the female lays the resulting eggs on selected plants. She’s drawn to the same species for egg laying as for nectaring, and plants with aphids are always preferred.
How can we help hoverflies?
Plant hoverfly favorites: white or yellow flowers in the Asteraceae family (daisies, sunflowers, yarrow, etc.). Being short-tongued, they prefer flowers with flat tops and easily-accessed rewards.
Leave leaves alone in fall. If you must remove them from lawns, do so gently, raking them to the edge of the lawn. Never use leaf blowers because they kill insects outright, destroy their habitat, and remove food sources from other critters. Plus they pollute not only with fumes but also by blowing ground litter — mold and fungal spores, fecal matter and dust — into the air.
Avoid misuse of pesticides, especially when insects are present.
Thanks for your help!
from Elisabeth Hodgdon, Cornell University, and Cameron Cedeno & Carolee Bull, Penn State

Leafy greens are a high value crop for many vegetable producers. Brassica baby leaf salad greens in particular are a great fit for many operations in the Northeast given their cold tolerance, quick growth, and varietal diversity. Recently, more brassica leafy greens growers in the Northeast have reported issues with bacterial disease in their crops, particularly in arugula. Bacterial blight, caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis, was first detected in arugula in New York State in 2021. Here, we summarize current recommendations for managing this disease and new results from current research projects on arugula bacterial blight.
Symptoms of bacterial blight in arugula appear as black and tan spots on leaves that are surrounded by yellow halos. The lesions spread quickly under moist conditions, leading to blighted leaves. Because of the high value of baby leaf greens, there is little tolerance for spotting on arugula leaves in most retail and wholesale markets. Thus, growers need effective solutions to manage bacterial blight in their arugula.
Because bacterial blight of arugula and other baby leaf brassicas is new to our region and elsewhere in the US, little is currently known about specific management strategies. Best management practices for plant disease prevention, particularly when multiple strategies are used in tandem, seem to be effective for many farms who experience this disease, including:
As part of a Northeast SARE Research and Education grant, we (the NorthEast Arugula Team, or NEAT) conducted a series of arugula variety susceptibility trials, growing over 20 different varieties of arugula that were inoculated with the bacterial blight pathogen. Unfortunately, no salad arugula (Eruca sativa, e.g. Astro, Standard, Esmee, etc. common varieties) cultivars showed resistance to bacterial blight. Wild arugula varieties (Diplotaxis tenuifolia; e.g. Sylvetta, Nemesis, and Bellezia), however, exhibited significantly lower disease severity in both field and greenhouse experiments. If wild arugula is a good fit for a farm’s salad greens markets, it may be worth growing versus salad arugula if bacterial blight is a problem.
Do you suspect you have bacterial blight in your arugula or other brassica greens? If so, please reach out to the NEAT team by contacting Elisabeth Hodgdon at eh528@cornell.edu or (518) 650-5323 to coordinate submission of samples to Penn State for diagnosis. Funding for this project was provided by Northeast SARE Research & Education grant LNE23-463. For more information about the NEAT team and projects, visit https://plantpath.psu.edu/research/labs/bull/rese...
Bacterial blight symptoms in arugula. Photo credits: Margaret McGrath (left) and Elisabeth Hodgdon (right).
by Brandy Keenan, 4-H Educator

New 4-H Year, New Clubs
4-H is off to a great start this year with 10 clubs, three of which are new, and 73 youth enrolled. One of the new clubs this year is the Agriculture and Environmental Club, Hay You! They had their First meeting this November at Tilly Foster Farm. After getting to know each other through some youth led ice breakers, the youth took a tour of the farm exploring their new “home”. One of the highlights was meeting Gil, Tilly Foster's highland steer.
Congratulations, Taylor!
Last month, 4-H member Taylor Camilleri accepted an award for winning the Grades 4–6 Artwork Category in the 2026 NY Recycles! Calendar Contest (sponsored by New York State Association for Reduction, Reuse and Recycling) in Cooperstown. Her poster is featured in the 2026 calendar as part of the campaign themed “Small Actions, Big Impact: Leading in Sustainability.”
PQ Before School Garden Club get Familiar with Fibonacci
Last Month, the before school garden club at North Salem Elementary engaged in the dissection of sunflowers. They identified various parts like the ray florets, bract, and stigma. Afterwards they created suncatchers out of the petals and leaves. The following week they discovered how math is a part of the natural world by exploring spirals in the heads of sunflowers. They learned about the Fibonacci sequence which makes spirals possible: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8… and then graphed out spirals in an art project.

from Josephine Quiocho, Nutrition Educator
A delicious way to enjoy this classic holiday flavor and eat your whole grains for breakfast.
Ingredients
Directions
1. Mix dry ingredients in a bowl.
2. In another bowl, beat egg. Stir in molasses, oil and buttermilk.
Pour milk mixture into dry ingredients; stir together lightly.
3. Lightly spray a large skillet or griddle with non-stick cooking spray or lightly wipe with oil.
4. Heat skillet or griddle over medium-high heat (350 degrees in an electric skillet). For each pancake, pour about 1/4 cup of batter onto the hot griddle.
5. Cook until pancakes are puffed and dry around edges. Turn and cook other side until golden brown.
6. Refrigerate leftovers within 2 hours.
For nutrition information, please visit SNAP-Ed NY.
Source: snapedny.org/recipes/gingerbread-pancakes/


Last updated December 3, 2025